Uses of Alcoholic drinks

In many countries, alcoholic beverages are commonly consumed at the major daily meals (lunch and dinner).In places and areas with poor public sanitation, such as Medieval Europe, consumption of alcoholic drinks (particularly weak or “small” beer) was one method of avoiding water-borne diseases such as cholera. Though alcohol kills bacteria, the low concentration in beer or even wine will have only a limited effect. Probably the boiling of water, which is required for the brewing of beer, and the growth of yeast, which would tend to crowd out other micro-organisms, were more important than the alcohol itself. Additionally, the ethanol (and possibly other ingredients) of alcoholic beverages allows them to be stored for months or years in simple wood or clay containers without spoiling; for this reason they were commonly utilized onboard sailing vessels as a key (or even the sole) source of hydration for the crew, especially during the long voyages of the early modern period.In colder climates, strong alcoholic beverages such as vodka are popularly seen as a way to “warm up” the body, possibly because ethanol is a quickly absorbed source of food energy and because it dilates peripheral blood vessels (Peripherovascular dilation) — a dangerous misconception, as the perception of warmth is actually caused by the transfer of heat from the body’s core to its extremities where it is quickly lost to the environment.In many cultures, both contemporary and historical, alcoholic beverages — mostly because of their neurological effects — have also played an important role in various kinds of social interaction, providing a form of “liquid courage” (those who consume it typically gain confidence and lose discretion). While other psychoactive drugs (such as opium, coca, khat, cannabis, kava-kava, etc.) also have millennial traditions of social use, only coffee, tea, betel, and tobacco are currently as universally used and accepted as ethanol. 

Habeas corpus 

Lat. “you have the body” Prisoners often seek release by filing a petition for a writ of habeas corpus. A writ of habeas corpus is a judicial mandate to a prison official ordering that an inmate be brought to the court so it can be determined whether or not that person is imprisoned lawfully and whether or not he should be released from custody. A habeas corpus petition is a petition filed with a court by a person who objects to his own or another’s detention or imprisonment. The petition must show that the court ordering the detention or imprisonment made a legal or factual error. Habeas corpus petitions are usually filed by persons serving prison sentences. In family law, a parent who has been denied custody of his child by a trial court may file a habeas corpus petition. Also, a party may file a habeas corpus petition if a judge declares her in contempt of court and jails or threatens to jail her.

An earthquake is a shaking of the ground caused by the sudden breaking and movement of large sections (tectonic plates) of the earth’s rocky outermost crust. The edges of the tectonic plates are marked by faults (or fractures). Most earthquakes occur along the fault lines when the plates slide past each other or collide against each other.

The shifting masses send out shock waves that may be powerful enough to

• alter the surface of the Earth, thrusting up cliffs and opening great cracks in the ground and
• cause great damage … collapse of buildings and other man-made structures, broken power and gas lines (and the consequent fire), landslides, snow avalanches, tsunamis (giant sea waves) and volcanic eruptions.

Global warming is the increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s near-surface air and oceans since the mid-twentieth century and its projected continuation.

The global average air temperature near the Earth’s surface rose 0.74 ± 0.18 °C (1.33 ± 0.32 °F) during the hundred years ending in 2005. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concludes “most of the observed increase in globally averaged temperatures since the mid-twentieth century is very likely due to the observed increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gas concentrations” via the greenhouse effect. Natural phenomena such as solar variation combined with volcanoes probably had a small warming effect from pre-industrial times to 1950 and a small cooling effect from 1950 onward. These basic conclusions have been endorsed by at least thirty scientific societie and academies of science, including all of the national academies of science of the major industrialized countries. While individual scientists have voiced disagreement with some findings of the IPCC, the overwhelming majority of scientists working on climate change agree with the IPCC’s main conclusions.

Rush Limbaugh was born in Cape Girardeau, Missouri, a “quintessential Midwestern small town,” where he fell in love with radio in elementary school. He became a Top-40 deejay in the 1960s and held various other jobs before finding his true calling as a radio talk-show host a KFBK in Sacramento, California. His radio show is the #1 syndicated program in the country, and it can be heard in 650 markets. His syndicated television show, Rush Limbaugh, airs on more than two hundred stations, covering 99% of the country. The phenomenal success of his #1 New York Times bestsellers, The Way Things Ought to Be and See, I Told You So, have assured Rush’s place in the pantheon of media celebrities. Rush Limbaugh makes his home in New York City and divides his time between his daily radio show and his nationally syndicated television show.

James tells us to “submit to God,” “resist the devil” and when we do this “he will flee from you.” This is a great and precious promise. But at times the enemy will see if there is any way to cause us to give up and give in to his assaults against us. This is why Peter tells us that we are to resist the devil steadfastly. So, when we resist and the enemy insists, we then persist unto victory.

Palm Sunday (Passion Sunday)

• Beginning of Holy Week.
• Remembrance of the entrance of the Messiah into Jerusalem.
• Mass includes a reading of the Passion–narrative of Jesus’ capture, sufferings and death.
• Church celebrates Christ’s entrance into Jerusalem to accomplish his paschal mystery, when according to the Gospels Jesus rode into Jerusalem humbly on a donkey, reminisce of a Davidic victory procession and people placed palms on the ground in front of him.
• On this day, a procession with palm leaves (or other branches of plants, for example olive branches) takes place in many parishes and the branches are blessed by the priest.(or palm crosses are blessed and distributed)

Between Sunday and Thursday

The days between Palm Sunday and Maundy Thursday are known as Holy Monday, Holy Tuesday and Holy Wednesday (Spy Wednesday or Great Wednesday). During these days, various important events took place according to the gospels, such as Jesus’s conversations with disciples and Jewish religious leaders, and Judas’s preparation to betray Jesus. As in the Orthodox churches, some of these events are commemorated in Catholic and a few Protestant churches in many countries. Within the Roman Catholic and Anglican churches, the office of Tenebrae is usually celebrated on the evening of Holy Wednesday.

Maundy Thursday (Holy Thursday)

 Good Friday

• The Church mourns for Christ’s death, reverences the Cross, and marvels at His life for his obedience till death.
• There is no Mass; the Eucharist is not consecrated. Communion takes place with the hosts left over from Holy Thursday.
• The church remains stripped on this day of ornate objects, including the altar cloth and candles, as a sign of respect.
• Holy water fonts are emptied.
• On this day, the stations of the Cross are often prayed either in the church or outside.
• Celebration of the liturgy of the Lord’s Passion occurs in the afternoon.
• The priest wears red (or, according to earlier custom, black). If a Bishop presides or helps to preside, he wears a simplex mitre.
• Liturgy:

The liturgy consists of three parts in the Roman Rite: the Liturgy of the Word, the Veneration of the Cross, and Holy Communion.

 Holy Saturday

• A day of silence and prayer which commemorates the dead Christ in the tomb. No Mass is celebrated. In cases of the danger of death, Eucharistic Hosts remaining from the Liturgies of the two previous days are used as viaticum.
• The Tabernacle is left empty and open. The lamp or candle usually situated next to the Tabernacle denoting the Presence of Christ is put out, and the Eucharist is kept elsewhere, usually the sacristy, with a lamp or candle burning before it.

 Easter Vigil

• Takes place during the night, either on the eve of Easter or early in the morning on Easter Sunday.
• The Gospel reminds us to have our lamps ready, to be like men waiting for the Lord’s return so that when He arrives He will find us wide awake and will seat us at His table.
• Night vigil is arranged in four parts:
  • A brief service of light;
  • Liturgy of the word;
  • Liturgy of baptism;
  • Liturgy of the Eucharist.
• The priest wears white.
• Part I: Service of light:
  • All lights of the church are put out.
  • A fire is prepared outside the Church
  • One of the ministers carry the Easter Candle.
  • The priest greets the people then the fire is blessed.
  • After the prayer, the Easter candle is lighted from the new fire.
• Procession:
  • The priest takes up the candle and sings: “Christ our light” and the people answer: “Thanks be to God”.
  • All enter the Church and the priest takes up the candle for the second time and sings: “Christ our light” and the people answer: “Thanks be to God”.
  • When the priest arrives at the altar he takes up the candle for the third time and sings: “Christ our light” and the people answer: “Thanks be to God”.
  • Then all lights in the Church are put on.
• Easter Proclamation (Exsultet)
• Part II : Liturgy of the word
  • Nine Readings are provided, seven from the Old Testament and two from the New Testament. (the epistle and gospel)
  • After the Easter Proclamation, the candles are put aside and all sit down. Before the readings begin, the priest speaks about Easter.
  • The readings follow from:

1. The book of Genesis 1:1-2:2 The Creation
2. The book of Genesis 22:1-18 Abraham’s sacrifice
3. The book of Exodus 14:15-15:1 People of Israel leaving the slavery of Egypt
4. The book of the prophet Isaiah 54:5-14 God speaking to the miserable, oppressed people of Israel
5. The book of the prophet Isaiah 55:1-11 God’s covenant with Israel. (God’s magnificent promise)
6. The book of the prophet Baruch 3:9-15,32-4:4 Wisdom of God
7. The book of the prophet Ezekiel 36:16-28 God’s promises to Ezekiel. (all was fulfilled in Jesus Christ)
8. Epistle: The letter of Paul to the Romans 6:3-11
   Lessons on the death and resurrection of Christ
   Alleluia
   Gospel
9. Year A: holy gospel according to Matthew 28:1-10 (Women finding and witnessing to the empty tomb) / Year B: holy gospel according to Mark 16:1-8 (Women are frightened by the empty tomb and the angel’s message about resurrection) / Year C: holy gospel according to Luke 24:1-12 (Women see the empty tomb and are told by angels of the Resurrection)

• Part III: Liturgy of Baptism
  • A vessel of water is placed in the sanctuary
  • Candidates for Baptism (catechumens) - if present - are presented.
• Litany
  • The Litany is sung. The procession begins: Easter Candle first, followed by the candidates then the priest and ministers.
• Blessing of Water
  • The priest blesses the baptismal water and prays. The candle is then taken out of the water and people sing the acclamation. Then the baptismal rites proceed (if catechumens are present, they are baptized.
• Renewal of Baptismal Promises
  • After the rite of baptism, all present renew their baptismal profession of faith.
  • The priest sprinkles the people with water while the people sing.
  • The profession of faith is omitted and proceeds to the Liturgy of the Eucharist
• Part IV: Liturgy of the Eucharist

Easter Sunday

• The Feast of the Resurrection.
• The Church’s greatest feast

 1Have mercy upon me, O God, according to Thy lovingkindness; according unto the multitude of Thy tender mercies, blot out my transgressions.    
 2Wash me thoroughly from mine iniquity, and cleanse me from my sin.    
 3For I acknowledge my transgressions, and my sin is ever before me.    
 4Against Thee, Thee only, have I sinned and done this evil in Thy sight, that Thou mightest be justified when Thou speakest, and be clear when Thou judgest.    
 5Behold, I was shaped in iniquity, and in sin did my mother conceive me.    
 6Behold, Thou desirest truth in my inward parts; in the hidden part Thou shalt make me to know wisdom.    
 7Purge me with hyssop, and I shall be clean; wash me, and I shall be whiter than snow.    
 8Make me to hear joy and gladness, that the bones which Thou hast broken may rejoice.    
 9Hide Thy face from my sins, and blot out all mine iniquities.    
 10Create in me a clean heart, O God, and renew a right spirit within me.    
 11Cast me not away from Thy presence, and take not Thy holy Spirit from me.    
 12Restore unto me the joy of Thy salvation, and uphold me with Thy free Spirit.    
 13Then will I teach transgressors Thy ways, and sinners shall be converted unto Thee.    
 14Deliver me from bloodguiltiness, O God, Thou God of my salvation, and my tongue shall sing aloud of Thy righteousness.    
 15O Lord, open Thou my lips, and my mouth shall show forth Thy praise.This is ______(Name)______ who had uttered a words of prayer for forgiveness and purification. Amen. 

The deep sea is the world’s largest habitat, accounting for roughly 50% of the Earth’s surface.

 The total global deep sea catch (EEZs and high seas combined) was 3.8 million tons in 2004 and 3.3 million tons in 2005.

 The percent of marine catches coming from DSF increased from 0.8% on average in 1950-1977 to 2.8% in 1979-2005.